pt

GST Council is a federal forum with both centre and states in India on board. It is made of:

• The Union Finance Minister (as Chairman),
• The Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance, and
• The Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister, nominated by each state government.

The decisions of the GST Council are made by three-fourth majority of the votes cast. The centre has one-third of the votes cast, and the states together have two-third of the votes cast. Each state has one vote, irrespective of its size or population.

Apart from the above:

• The Secretary (Revenue) will be appointed as the Ex-officio Secretary to the GST Council.
• The Chairperson, Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC), will be included as a permanent invitee (non-voting) to all proceedings of the GST Council.
• One post of Additional Secretary to the GST Council in the GST Council Secretariat (at the level of Additional Secretary to the Government of India) will be created.
• Four posts of Commissioner in the GST Council Secretariat (at the level of Joint Secretary to the Government of India) will also be created.

 The imported goods will also be charged integrated tax (IGST) in addition to Basic Customs Duty. IGST paid on imports will also be available as credit to the importer in further supplies. Besides, the Central Tax, State Tax/UT Tax and IGST, Compensation Cess under the GST (Compensation to States) Act, 2017 shall be levied on a few luxury goods,. The cess shall be available as credit for further payment of cess.

  in general, the registered supplier of goods or services will need to pay GST. However, in specified cases like imports and other notified supplies, the liability will lie on the recipient under the reverse charge mechanism. “Reverse Charge” means the liability to pay tax on the recipient of taxable supplies instead of the supplier. Further, in some notified cases of intra-state supply of services, the liability to pay GST may be cast on e-commerce operators through which such services are supplied.

   the GST would replace the following taxes:

(i) Taxes currently levied and collected by the Centre:
a. Central Excise duty
b. Duties of Excise (Medicinal and Toilet Preparations)
c. Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance)
d. Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Products)
e. Additional Duties of Customs (commonly known as CVD)
f. Special Additional Duty of Customs (SAD)
g. Service Tax
h. Central Surcharges and Cesses so far as  relates to goods and services

pre

The Chenab Bridge is a railway steel and concrete arch bridge under construction between Bakkal and Kauri in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir in India. When finished, the bridge will span the Chenab River at a height of 359 m (1,178 ft) above the river, making it the world's highest rail bridge.[2] The bridge is scheduled to open in 2019.[3]

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity.It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize,   demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and   biodiversity.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: C

Justification: Statement 1: The founding of TEER is actually a bit elaborate. It started from the G8+5 environment ministers since 2007. You can read more about it in the source given below.

The TEEB office is hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

The 1907 Surat session was held at the bank of the Tapti river in Surat. The Extremist camp was led by Lal Bal and Pal and the moderate camp was led by Gopal Krishna Gokhle. The Surat session was presided by Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh.

narmada drains into gulf of kambhat not kutch...remember runn of kutch its up so there only will be gulf of kutcch

Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve is the largest tiger reserve in India .  in the nalmalla hills of ap

Lytton and rippon

After his resignation, Lord Ripon was sent to India.

Other Notes

Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College) was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the leader of Muslim renaissance in Indian subcontinent, in 1875 at Aligarh during the tenure of Lord Lytton. It later became Aligarh Muslim University.

Lucile was a verse novel written by Lord Lytton, published in 1860.

The Indian Arms Act of 1878 was legislated during Lord Lytton’s time. By this act, no Indians could keep unlicensed arms. However, the English people could hold arms without license.

Lord Lytton also was responsible for the economic distress caused by abolishing the Tax on the foreign cotton coming to India, to safeguard the British Traders.

The maximum age to enter in to the Civil Services Examination was reduced from 21 years to 19 years

ppr 1

post 1937 elections the congress government in provinces took up the cause of

farmer distress

similalry we can talk about their role in dalit upliftment.  for eg free education to harizans was introduced in certain provinces

and where some rulers themselves  like travancore and indore themselves opened all state temples to harizans.


Attitude of congress/ work done by congress towards industrialists

1. congress agenda fit in with the call for rationalisation of tarrifs and the boycott of foreign goods
2. however congress left leanining in 1920s and 30s was ideologically problematic for congress
3.


Early moderates demands...club into social economic administrative cum political


1. indianisation of administration
2. expansion of leg council
3. no taxation without representation
4. agrarian reforms
5. rationalisation of tarrifs
6. non agressive foreign policy particularly in burma and afghanistan
7 separation of judicial from executive
8. increase in welfare expenditure
9. protection of civil rights ...

envt prelims

Paris summit 2015 is cop21
Green climate fund at cancun summit 2010

ppr 2

Spoils systemitch

Aghast at the form of spoils-system haunting the public service commissions, the Supreme Court observed in one such case concerning the Bihar government: “The Public Service Commissions which have been given the status of constitutional authorities and which are supposed to be totally independent and impartial while discharging their function in terms of Article 320 have become victims of spoil[s] system” (Upendra Narayan Singh, 2009 ).

Little did one realise that the warning of the Supreme Court would not be taken seriously by political parties. The result was that the 11 appointments made by the State Governor to the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission were set aside by the Madras High Court; further, the Supreme Court refused to stay the order.

9. In which of the following regions of India are shale gas resources found?

Cambay BasinCauvery BasinKrishna-Godavari Basin

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Solution: D

Justification: The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) has identified six basins as potentially shale gas bearing. These are Cambay, Assam-Arakan, Gondwana, Krishna-Godavari, Kaveri, and the Indo-Gangetic plain.

culture mapping

 and ek bharat sshreshta bharat

Demographic and development mapping exercises are often carried out by the Indian government but the Cultural Mapping Project is definitely a first for the country. The project, initiated by the Ministry of Culture, will create an authentic and comprehensive database of the cultural topography of the country. This unique databank will also be an artist repository that can be used in the future by the Ministry for the purpose of providing grant-in-aids under its various schemes.

PHOTO SOURCE

Cultural mapping is a process to identify and document the cultural resources or assets of a community. These assets, inextricably tied to a particular time, place and people, are vital for fostering civic pride and need to be celebrated, preserved, and developed. While the mapping covers a wide range of tangible resources such as arts, heritage organisations, cultural occupations, and industries, it also explores the areas of intangible cultural assets – the stories and traditions that shape our identity as a nation.

PHOTO SOURCE

The Cultural Mapping Project of India will preserve, promote, and share the country’s cultural heritage using modern technology. The details of this mammoth undertaking are being collated by the Centre of Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) in New Delhi, with the help of state governments. Established in 1979, CCRT is a premier autonomous institution that works to strengthen the cultural foundation of the country by making education culture-based and meaningful.

CCRT and its sub-committee of experts have drawn up a data form that splits the arts into three broad categories – visual, performing and literary. As several traditional art forms, particularly those limited to a community, are dying due to lack of interest, the data form also encourages artists to specify if their art is dying. The CCRT form can be accessed here.

To strengthen the database on performing arts, the Ministry has also involved autonomous organisations like the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts in the project. A web portal has also been developed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC) for the online collection of data directly from artists.

The initiative has received a tremendous response from artists of various genres, with people from the remotest corners of the country participating in the project. So far, more than 55 lakhs artists from across the length and breadth of the country have undergone the documentation procedure and the number is increasing every da

harappa

ted family or group. These genetic affinities that are exhibited in the female population show that the Harappan people practiced natural locality, a system in which the newlywed couple moved to live with the woman’s side of the family. Therefore clearly the R-37 cemetery proves that individuals of high class and status in a society were treated very differently and had a separate burial site. 

In general, the burials in the Harappan period were all in brick or stone lined rectangular or oval pits. The body was usually interred clothed shrouded or in a wooden coffin in the north south direction in a straight direction. It was important that the body did not come into contact with the ground. The only evidence of wooden coffins is the presence of a wooden stain in the body of the corpse. The bodies of the individuals were usually buried with their jewelry which usually consisted of bangles made from shell, steatite beads, etc, and the men usually wore earrings. Copper mirrors have been found only amongst the bodies of the females which show a specificity of grave goods by gender. The burials at Kalibangan, the other large burial site are of three types. Type 1 – the bodies were buried in a supine position similar to R-37 with skeletal remains. Type 2 – pot burials in circular pits. Type 3 – Large pots which were found interred in rectangular or circular pits with no skeletal remains. Type- 1 burials are very similar to the ones at R-37, and have skeletal remains in the supine position. The pot burials are an interesting and rare type of burial in which the bodies of the individual are crammed into pots and buried. This type of burial is quite unique and quite violent comparatively. The Type 3 burials at Kalibangan don’t have any skeletal remains in them but there are a few areas where the earth is charred which could possibly be because of cremation. But “the most important individual in the cemetery is an older male. He was interred in a old brick chamber with 70 pottery vessels” (Wright 216). The man was also decked in jewelry of expensive nature which includes jade and gold beads and other fine stones. Clearly this individual is of high importance in the society we can tell by the energy expenditure associated with this funeral. On average an individual has 0 to 40 pottery vessels interred as grave goods, but the individual who had 70 pots was clearly outranked others in the cemetery proving that the Harappan civilization was a society which gave a lot of importance to hierarchy and status. 

A few unique burials were found in the grave sites of Lothal, Ropar, and Rojdi. In Ropar a man was found buried with a dog. In Rodji two infants were found buried beneath the floor of a house. In Lothal three multiple burials have been found. This could possibly be the practice of sati but it is doubtful. The unique burials in this site show that not all burials were solely centered on social hierarchy and status. 

MIS bumper

The Centre is implementing Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) on the request of the states for procurement of agriculture and horticulture commodities that are perishable and not covered under Price Support
Scheme, Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar today said.

The MIS is implemented to protect growers'  interests to avoid distress sale in the event of bumper crop when prices tend to fall below the economic levels/cost of production, he informed the Lok Sabha during Question Hour.

The MIS is implemented to protect growers' interests to avoid distress sale in the event of bumper crop. Reuters

He said procurement under MIS may be made by NAFED as the central agency or by agencies designated by states. Losses incurred by the procuring agencies will be shared between Central government and concerned state government on
50:50 basis (75:25 in case of North-Eastern states), he said.

However, the amount of loss to be shared between the Centre and state governments is restricted to 25 percent of procurement cost. Profit earned by procuring agencies is retained by them, he said.

economy and river linking

“The EU and Canada have inked an investment pact that has incorporated the contentious ISDS. At the meeting (of trade ministers of select countries held on the sidelines of the recently held World Economic Forum in Switzerland), they wanted theinvestment pact to be the template for a similar multilateral agreement. India summarily rejected such an idea,”Commerce and Industry Minister Nirmala Sitharaman told reporters. Japan also opposed the idea on the grounds of the costs involved in international arbitration, she said.

“Only after all local options have been exhausted for settling disputes between a corporate and a government, do we want to permit issues to be taken up in international arbitration tribunals. Such provisions could be a part of bilateral agreements but they can’t be allowed in a multilateral agreement,” Ms.Sitharaman said.

She said at the recent trade ministers’ meeting held in Switzerland, India pushed for discussions on its proposal for a Trade Facilitation in Services (TFS) Agreement at the WTO-level. The pact, among other things, aims to facilitate easier movement of skilled workers and professionals across borders for short-term work.

The Centre is implementing Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) on the request of the states for procurement of agriculture and horticulture commodities that are perishable and not covered under Price Support
Scheme, Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar today said.

The MIS is implemented to protect growers'  interests to avoid distress sale in the event of bumper crop when prices tend to fall below the economic levels/cost of production, he informed the Lok Sabha during Question Hour.

The MIS is implemented to protect growers' interests to avoid distress sale in the event of bumper crop. Reuters

He said procurement under MIS may be made by NAFED as the central agency or by agencies designated by states. Losses incurred by the procuring agencies will be shared between Central government and concerned state government on
50:50 basis (75:25 in case of North-Eastern states), he said.

However, the amount of loss to be shared between the Centre and state governments is restricted to 25 percent of procurement cost. Profit earned by procuring agencies is retained by them, he said.

Environmentalists are drawing attention to the irreversible damage that reduced downstream flows would have on a river’s ecology and biodiversity. A change in the ecology of the River Ken on account of the Ken-Betwa link project in central India is expected to doom the already critically endangered gharial. Also, this project would submerge around 10 percent of the Panna Tiger reserve, reversing the huge gains of India’s tiger conservation project.

Experts have also challenged some of the assumptions on which the ILR is based. Questioning the concept of “surplus water,” for instance, Jayanta Bandyopadhyay and Shama Perveen maintain that there is no “‘surplus’ water, because every drop performs some ecological service all the time.” Others have pointed out that a river assessed to have “excess” water today may not have that “surplus” tomorrow.  This is important particularly in the context of climate change impacting glacier masses and water volumes in the Himalayan rivers, argues Ashvani Gosain, professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, pointing out that if these perennial rivers “don’t retain the character of donor basins,” the ILR plan would collapse.

There is concern too that the ILR program would add to India’s already long list of festering water-related conflicts. The ILR has many opponents; key “donor” states like Bihar, Odisha, Kerala, and the Northeastern states are not on board with the plan. Odisha, for instance, dismisses claims that its Mahanadi river has “surplus” water as over the half the state’s 30 districts are drought prone. Without Odisha’s participation and the Mahanadi’s “excess” water, the peninsular component of the ILR would be weakened. The Mahanadi-Godavari link is critical to eight other downstream river links.

Even if states get on board the project now, conflicts could emerge in future between donors and recipients should the former run out of “surplus” water. Such conflicts could manifest in violence targeting each other’s populations and ILR infrastructure, as is often visible in the ongoing dispute over sharing of the River Cauvery.

While the ILR program is about linking rivers in India, its neighbors are watching how it unfolds with apprehension.

The ILR program’s Himalayan component envisages construction of reservoirs on the principal tributaries of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra in India and Nepal, and involves transfer of water from the eastern tributaries of the Ganga to the west, apart from linking the Brahmaputra to the Ganga and the Ganga to the Mahanadi.

As t

bhakti movement

The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, such as Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti goddesses), and Smartism.[4][5][6] The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from theistic dualism of Dvaita to absolute monism of Advaita Vedanta.[7][8]

Like the Bhakti saints, the Sufi saints contributed greatly to the growth of a rich regional literature. Most of the Sufi saints were poets who chose to write in local languages. Baba Farid recommended the use of Punjabi for religious writings. Shaikh Hamiduddin, before him, wrote in Hindawi. His verses are the best examples of early Hindawi translation of Persian mystical poetry. Syed Gesu Daraz was the first writer of Deccani Hindi. He found Hindi more expressive than Persian to explain mysticism. A number of Sufi works were also written in Bengali. The most notable writer of this period was Amir Khusrau (l 252-1325) the follower of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau took pride in being an Indian and looked at the history and culture of Hindustan as a part of his own tradition. He wrote verses in Hindi (Hindawi) and employed the Persian metre in Hindi. He created a new style called  sabaq-i-hindi.  By the fifteenth century Hindi had begun to assume a definite shape and Bhakti saints such as Kabir used it extensively.

Abul Fazl while writing in the  Ain-i-Akbari  speaks of fourteen  silsilahs  of the Sufis. However, in this lesson we shall outline only some of the important ones.  These  silsilahs were divided into two types:  Ba-shara  and  Be-shara. Ba-shara  were those orders that followed the Islamic Law (Sharia) and its directives such as  namaz  and  roza.  Chief amongst these were the Chishti, Suhrawardi, Firdawsi, Qadiri and Naqshbandi  silsilahs.  The  beshara silsilahs  were not bound by the  Sharia.  The Qalandars belonged to this group
The Vaishnavite  Movement You have read that saints such as Kabir, Namdev and Guru Nanak had preached devotion toward a  nirankar  form of God. During this period, another movement based upon devotion towards a  sakar  form of God had also developed. This movement, called the  Vaishnavite movement, centered around the worship of Rama and Krishna, who were seen as incarnations  (avatars)  of Lord  Vishnu. Its main exponents were Surdas, Mirabai, Tulsidas and Chaitanya. Their path to salvation was expressed through the medium of poetry, song, dance and  kirtans. Surdas (1483-1563) was a disc

The development of Bhakti movement took place in Tamil Nadu between the seventh and twelfth centuries. It was reflected in the emotional poems of the Nayanars (devotees of Shiva) and Alvars (devotees of  Vishnu).  These saints looked upon religion not as a cold formal worship but as a loving bond based upon love between the worshipped and worshipper.  They wrote in local languages,  Tamil and  Telugu and were therefore able to reach out to many people. In course of time, the ideas of the South moved up to the North but it was a very slow process. Sanskrit, which was still the vehicle of thought, was given a new form. Thus we find that the Bhagavata Purana of ninth century was not written in the old Puranic form. Centered around Krishna’s childhood and youth, this work uses Krishna’s exploits to explain deep philosophy in simple terms. This work became a turning point in the history of the  Vaishnavite movement which was an important component of the Bhakti movement. A more effective method for spreading of the Bhakti ideology was the use of local languages. The Bhakti saints composed their verses in local languages. They also translated Sanskrit works to make them understandable to a wider audience. Thus we find Jnanadeva writing in Marathi, Kabir, Surdas and  Tulsidas in Hindi, Shankaradeva popularising Assamese, Chaitanya and Chandidas spreading their message in Bengali, Mirabai in Hindi and Rajasthani. In addition, devotional poetry was composed in Kashmiri,  Telugu, Kannad, Oriya, Malayalam, Maithili and Gujarati.

Social media politcal corruption ethics ritch

Social media politcal corruption ethics ritch

Section 295 a of ipc holds that publishing with deliverate and malicious intentions of hurting the religious feelings of a community is a punishable offence

Section 153 a of ipc promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion race place of birtg residence and language etc

Its protector of indian diversity. Ha mr 10 percent

ethics

ven by Indian Medical Association (IMA)- Don’t indulge in the business of ‘No Cure, No Payment’ or ‘Guarantee any cureViolation: Medical Council of India (MCI) Code of Ethics Regulations and also Drugs and Magic Remedies ActNeed: To educate patients about how not all lives can be saved and how the success of all treatments cannot be guaranteed


Quote from World Banks 2015 WDR behabioural change

In Germany and Austria both are similar societies; But in Austria by default if you dont say no ur organs will be donated when you die but in Germany one has to say yes to get his/her organs donated. This produces a vast difference between the 2 nations. Austria seeing a huge organ donation.

Quote ethics

Make the planet great again..reaction of emannuel macron to trump.

Climate justice concept by modi

culture

The effect of the Bhakti movement is described by Justice Ranade in these words: "Like the Protestant reformation in Europe in the 16th century, there was a religious, social and literary revival and reformation in India, but notably in the Deccan in the 15th and 16th centuries. The religious revival was not Brahmanical in its orthodoxy, it was 
 At its head were saints and prophets, poets and philosophers, who sprang chiefly from the lower order of society, tailors, carpenters, potters, gardeners, shopkeepers, barbers and even scavengers more often than Brahmins." Literature and Language The literature and language of the Marathas also acted as a unifying force. The hymns of Tukaram were sung by all the classes and they served as a bond of unity among people who belonged to different sections of society. The songs in Marathi dialect and Marathi language played an important part. According to J.N. Sarkar, "Thus a remarkable community of language, creed and life was attained in the Maharashtra in the 17th century before political unity was conferred by Shivaji. 


Bharatanatyam, sometimes referred to as Bharathanatiyam or Sadir,[1] is a major genre of Indian classical dance that originated in Tamil Nadu .[2][3][4] Traditionally, Bharatanatyam has been a solo dance that was performed exclusively by women,[5][6] and expressed Hindu religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly of Shaivism, but also of Vaishnavism and Shaktism.[2][7][8]

athakali's roots are unclear. The fully developed style of Kathakali originated around the 17th century, but its roots are in temple and folk arts (such as Kutiyattam and religious drama of the southwestern Indian peninsula), which are traceable to at least the 1st millennium CE.[2][6] A Kathakali performance, like all classical dance arts of India, synthesizes music, vocal performers, choreography and hand and facial gestures together to express ideas. However, Kathakali differs in that it also incorporates movements from ancient Indian martial arts and athletic traditions of South India.[2][3][5] Kathakali also differs in that the structure and details of its artform developed in the courts and theatres of Hindu principalities, unlike other classical Indian dances which primarily developed in Hindu temples and monastic schools.[2][6]

The traditional themes of the Kathakali are folk mythologies, religious legends and spiritual ideas from the Hindu epics and the Puranas.[7] The vocal performance has traditionally been performed in Sanskritised Malayalam.[6] In modern compositions, Indian Kathakali troupes have included women artists,[4] as well as adapted Western stories and plays such as those by Shakespeare and from Christianity.[8]

Kathak traditionally has included female actor-dancers, unlike Kathakali which has traditionally been performed by an all male troupe.[3][73] Kathak deploys much simpler costumes, makeup and no face masks. Both dance forms employ choreography, face and hand gestures traceable to the Natya Shastra, but Kathak generally moves around a straight leg and torso movements, with no martial art leaps and jumps like Kathakali. Kathak uses the stage space more, and does not typically include separate vocalists. Both deploy a host of similar traditional Indian musical instruments.[3][74]

Kabuki, another Japanese art form, has similarities to Kathakali.[79][80] Jī

 The Rajasthan government has decked the Udaipur railway station in Nathdwara paintings in an attempt to keep the traditional art form alive.

More about Nathdwara Paintings

 Nathdwara Paintings refer to a school of artists that originated in Nathdwara in Rajasthan.

 The Nathdwara School of Painting is a subset of Mewar School and is seen as an important school in 17th and 18th century.

 These paintings have different sub-styles, of which the Pichwai Paintings are the most popular.

 Pichwai Paintings are cloth paintings hung behind the image of Hindu God, Shrinathji.

 Pichwai paintings illustrate different moods of Lord Krishna.

Udaipur, as we know it today, is the former principality of Mewar. In the ancient as well as medieval times, Mewar was known to be a great centre of artistic and cultural activities. The oldest manuscripts of Mewar painting include the ‘Supasanachariyam‘ and ‘Suparsanatham‘ painted in about 1423 AD. These show the traces of Apabhransa style, which can be identified with projecting eyes. The Mewar style as a distinct school emerged only by the end of 16th century. One immediate reason of development of this school was that a large number of artists migrated from Mandu to Mewar after Baj Bahadur, the ruler of Mandu was defeated by Mughals in 1570. Nathdwar is a substyle of mewar school of painting 

•  Nathdwara  (Rajasthan) is the main centre to make these paintings. 
• Pichwais mean 'at the back of', and these paintings are hung in the temples behind the deity. holding govardhan moountain...talk of cosmic union of brahman and consciousness

tsr subrmaniam...envt

congress support to peasants? congress pro industry or pro farmer

since the rise of socialism in the indian national movement. the issue of agrarian distress was raised many a times by the congress
1. Faizpur session 1936-- farmer-f-f
2. When the popular governments were formed post 1937 elections then the congress took up
tenancy laws reform land to tiller, agriculture loan and insurance
3. The money lenders and zamindars infact started supporting the communal parties as the congress
party was acting againt their interest
4. The 1929 great depression and the loss of revenue and high tax also found voice in the 2nd RTC
in which congress participated

Meghalaya AFSPA

Meghalaya had no Insurgency to beign with except the GAro Khasi tribal movement, it was mostly in the bordering areas bcoz ULFA used to take sacntury here in meghalaya ie y AFSPA was imposed in the state. spillover from assam insurgency into meghalaya. Mizoram never had afspa tripura removed it last year

Now insurgency has come down. Now moreover the approach shifting to political solution and winning hearts and minds

1958 started in nagaland.The British had promulgated the Armed Forces Special Powers Ordinance in 1942 to suppress the Quit India Movement. On the lines of this ordinance, the Government of India promulgated four ordinances in 1 

unnat baharat

bringing students from Higher educational institutes to work in rural and undeveloped areas to bring abt indigenous model of development.
Unnat bharat 2.0 launched now students from non technical HEIS also welcome

1. Brings the elite intelligentia to connect with the ground realities of India
2.Reorients the education itself as the knowledge is now used to solve issues of underdevelopment
3. Students give back to society like CSR .. on an avg expenditure on an iitian annually is 18lakh
4. IIT Delhi national cooordinating body
5. Defined areas of operation such as drinking water sanitation etc

between MHRD Rural development and Panchayati raj

this will be real bharat darshan